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<div class='index'>
<ol class='index'>
<li><a href="#Q1">Discussion forum</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q2">Determining tag names</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q3">ExifTool doesn't read/write properly</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q4">Aperture and shutter speed</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q5">Date and time formats</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q6">"Can't convert TAG" errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q7">Deleting all EXIF from a TIFF</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q8">Writing Make, Model &amp; MakerNotes</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q9">Tag locations when copying</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q10">Coded character sets</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q11">User-defined tags</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q12">Export to database</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q13">Output file size and image quality</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q14">GPS coordinate format</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q15">MakerNote errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q16">Some files not renamed</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q17">List-type tags</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q18">Windows character encoding</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q19">Formatting tag values</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q20">Write errors (repair corrupted EXIF)</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q21">Newlines in values</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q22">Order of operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q23">"0 image files updated"</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q24">Date/time gets reset to today</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q25">Image validation</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q26">Import from database</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q27">Windows .BAT file problems</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q28">Copying a shifted date/time</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q29">ARGFILE options</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q30">Extracting all metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#Q31">Rewriting the entire file</a></li>
</ol>
</div>

<h1 class='up'>ExifTool FAQ</h1>

<a name="Q1"></a>
<p>1. <b>"Is there a forum for discussing ExifTool issues?"</b></p>

<blockquote>
ExifTool issues can be discussed on the ExifTool forum at
<a href="https://exiftool.org/forum/">https://exiftool.org/forum/</a>
</blockquote>

<a name="Q2"></a>
<p>2. <b>"How do I determine the tag name for some information?"</b></p>

<blockquote>When you run exiftool, by default it prints descriptions, not tag
names, for the information it extracts.  These descriptions are in English
unless the <code>-lang</code> option is used to select another language. Note
that descriptions often contain spaces between words, but tag names never do.
Also, tag names are always English, regardless of the <code>-lang</code>
setting. To print the tag names instead instead of descriptions, use the
<code>-s</code> option when extracting information.  eg)
<pre>exiftool -s image.jpg</pre>
Valid characters in tag names are <code>A-Z</code>, <code>a-z</code>,
<code>0-9</code>, <code>_</code> and <code>-</code>.  See the
<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for a complete list of
available tag names.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Tag names may be optionally prefixed by a group name to specify a
particular information type or location.  Use the <code>-g0</code>,
<code>-g1</code>, etc (or <code>-G0</code>, <code>-G1</code>, etc) options when
extracting information to see the corresponding group names.  See the <a
href="index.html#groups">Tag Groups</a> section of the ExifTool home page for
more information. </blockquote>

<a name="Q3"></a>
<p>3a. <b>"ExifTool reports the wrong value or doesn't extract a tag"</b>,
<br>3b. <b>"ExifTool doesn't write a tag properly"</b>, or
<br>3c. <b>"Other software can't read information written by ExifTool"</b></p>

<blockquote><i>[Also see <a href="#Q23">FAQ number 23</a> for reasons why
ExifTool may not write some tags to certain file types.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>First, make sure you are looking at the right information.  Use
ExifTool with a command like this to extract all information from the file,
along with the location it was written:

<pre>exiftool -a -G1 -s c:\images\test.jpg</pre>

In this command, <code>-a</code> allows duplicate tags to be extracted,
<code>-G1</code> shows the family 1 group name (ie. the location) of each tag,
and <code>-s</code> shows the tag names instead of their descriptions.
(Substitute the path name of your file in place of
"<code>c:\images\test.jpg</code>".)</blockquote>

<blockquote>When duplicate tags exist, only one is extracted unless the
<code>-a</code> option is used. Beware that options like <code>-EXIF:all</code>
select all EXIF tags from the extracted tags, so EXIF tags hidden by duplicate
tags in other locations will not appear in the output for
<code>-EXIF:all</code>.  For example, the command

<pre>exiftool -gps:all image.jpg</pre>

will NOT necessarily extract all EXIF GPS tags because some may have been
suppressed by same-named tags in other groups.  To be sure all EXIF GPS tags are
extracted, the <code>-a</code> option must be used:

<pre>exiftool -a -gps:all image.jpg</pre>

<i class=lt>[But note that GPS information may be stored in metadata formats
other than just EXIF, so restricting the command to the EXIF "GPS" group may
miss GPS information in other formats.  The following command is better suited
to extract all GPS from a wide variety of file formats:]</i>

<pre>exiftool -a "-gps*" -ee video.mp4</pre>

If you are having problems with other software reading information written by
ExifTool, if possible try first writing the information from the other software,
then use ExifTool (with the <code>-a</code> and <code>-G1</code> options) to
determine where the information was written. Once you know where it should go,
you can use ExifTool to write to this location. You can read or write
information in a specific location by prefixing the tag name on the command line
with the desired group name.  eg.) "<code>-ExifIFD:DateTimeOriginal</code>"
</blockquote>

<blockquote>This problem may also occur if contradictory information exists in
different meta information formats within the same file.  For example, often XMP
will be ignored if IPTC exists and the Photoshop:IPTCDigest does not agree with
the IPTC content.  The
<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006115950/http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/specs/">Metadata Working Group</a>
recommends techniques to keep the EXIF, IPTC and XMP metadata synchronized. 
These recommendations are implemented by the ExifTool
<a href="TagNames/MWG.html">MWG tags</a>.  For maximum compatibility with the
widest range of applications, it is suggested that these MWG tags be used
whenever possible.</blockquote>

<blockquote>One final note: When writing, the <code>-v2</code> option may be
useful because it provides details about what ExifTool is writing, and where.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q4"></a>
<p>4. <b>"ExifTool reports more than one shutter speed or aperture value, and
they are slightly different"</b></p>

<blockquote>
There are a number of different ways that aperture and shutter speed information
are stored in many images.  The standard EXIF values (EXIF:FNumber and
EXIF:ExposureTime) should correspond to the values displayed by your camera, but
these values may have been rounded off by the camera and/or ExifTool.  (You can
use the <code>-n</code> option to avoid rounding by ExifTool and show the full
value in decimal form.)  The corresponding EXIF APEX values (EXIF:ApertureValue
and EXIF:ShutterSpeedValue) may be different due to their own round-off errors. 
If available, the MakerNotes values may be the most accurate because they
haven't been rounded off to nice even values for display, so with these you may
see odd values like 1/102 instead of 1/100, etc.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q5"></a>
<p>5. <b>"How do I format date and time information for writing?"</b></p>

<blockquote>All information (including date/time information) is written in the
same format as it is read out.  When reading, ExifTool converts all date and
time information to standard EXIF format, so this is also the way it is
specified when writing.  The standard EXIF date/time format is
"<code>YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS</code>", and some meta information formats such as
XMP also allow sub-seconds and a timezone to be specified.  The timezone format
is "<code>+HH:MM</code>", "<code>-HH:MM</code>" or "<code>Z</code>". For
example:

<pre>exiftool -xmp:dateTimeOriginal="2005:10:23 20:06:34.33-05:00" a.jpg
</pre>

When writing XMP or other information types which allow incomplete date/time
values, the following input formats are also accepted:

<pre>YYYY
YYYY:mm
YYYY:mm:dd
YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM
</pre>

Having said this, ExifTool is very flexible about the actual format of input
date/time values when writing, and will attempt to reformat any values into the
standard format unless the <code>-n</code> option is used.  Any separators may
be used (or in fact, none at all).  The first 4 consecutive digits found in the
value are interpreted as the year, then next 2 digits are the month, and so on.
<i class=lt>[The year must be 4 digits.  Other fields are expected to be 2
digits, but a single digit is allowed if the subsequent character is a
non-digit.]</i>  For EXIF date/time values, all 6 date/time fields must exist
("<code>YYYYmmddHHMMSS</code>"), but XMP date/time values require only the year
("<code>YYYY</code>").  This feature facilitates useful operations such as
setting date/time tags from a date embedded in the file name.  For example, the
command

<pre>exiftool "-alldates&lt;filename" c:\images</pre>

will set the common date/time tags from the file name for all images in the
directory "<code>c:\images</code>".  This will work for any file name which
matches the above criteria (eg. "IMG_20110927_103000.jpg").
<i class=lt>[AllDates is a shortcut for 3 tag names: DateTimeOriginal,
CreateDate and ModifyDate.  See the <a href="TagNames/Shortcuts.html">Shortcuts
Tags documentation</a> for more information.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>The <code>-d</code> option provides additional flexibility in
parsing strings when writing date/time tags with ExifTool 10.32 or later if
POSIX::strptime or Time::Piece is installed (use "<code>exiftool -ver -v</code>"
to check the installed packages).  The format of the <code>-d</code> argument is
the same for reading and writing.</blockquote>

<blockquote><b>Special feature</b>: A value of "<code>now</code>" may be used to
represent the current time when writing any date/time tag.  For example:
<pre>exiftool -xmp:dateTimeOriginal=now a.jpg</pre>
<i class=lt>[There is also a <a href="TagNames/Extra.html">Now tag</a> which may
be used for a similar purpose by copying its value to another tag, but copying
tags adds an extra read stage to the processing which is best avoided if
performance is an issue.]</i>
</blockquote>

<a name="Q6"></a>
<p>6. <b>"I get '<code>Can't convert TAG (not in PrintConv)</code>' errors when
writing a tag"</b></p>

<blockquote>
By default, ExifTool applies a print conversion (PrintConv) to extracted
information to make the output more human-readable.  Some conversions involve
lookup tables which are documented in the <b>Values</b> column of the
<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a>.  For example, the
GPSAltitudeRef tag defines the following conversions:
<pre>0 = Above Sea Level
1 = Below Sea Level
</pre>
For this tag, a value of '0' is printed as 'Above Sea Level', and '1' is printed
as 'Below Sea Level'.  Reading and writing with ExifTool is symmetrical <i>[with
the possible exception of list-type tags -- see <a href="#Q17">FAQ number 17</a>
below]</i>, so a value that is printed as 'Above Sea Level' must also be written in
that form.  (In other words, the inverse print conversion is applied when writing
values.)  For example, to write GPSAltitudeRef you can type:
<pre>exiftool -gpsaltituderef="Above Sea Level" image.jpg
</pre>
or any unambiguous short form may be used and ExifTool will know what you mean, eg)
<pre>exiftool -gpsaltituderef=above image.jpg
</pre>
Alternatively, the print conversion can be disabled for all tags with the
<code>-n</code> option, or for individual tags by suffixing the tag name with a
'<code>#</code>' character.  In either case the printed value of GPSAltitudeRef
will be '0' or '1' when extracting information, and the value is written in the
same way. So following two commands have exactly the same effect as above:
<pre>exiftool -gpsaltituderef=0 -n image.jpg
exiftool -gpsaltituderef#=0 image.jpg
</pre>
Integer values may also be specified in hexadecimal (with a leading '0x').  For
example, the following commands are all equivalent:
<pre>exiftool -flash=1 -n image.jpg
exiftool -flash=0x1 -n image.jpg
exiftool -flash#=1 image.jpg
exiftool -flash#=0x1 image.jpg
exiftool -flash=fired image.jpg
</pre></blockquote><blockquote class=prog>
<b>Programmers</b>: These techniques look like this when calling Image::ExifTool
functions from a Perl script:
<pre>$exifTool->SetNewValue(flash => 1, Type => 'ValueConv');
$exifTool->SetNewValue(flash => 0x1, Type => 'ValueConv');
$exifTool->SetNewValue('flash#' => 1);
$exifTool->SetNewValue('flash#' => 0x1);
$exifTool->SetNewValue(flash => 'fired');
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q7"></a>
<p>7. <b>"I can't delete all EXIF information from a TIFF file using
'<code>exiftool -exif:all= img.tif</code>'"</b></p>

<blockquote>This is because of the way a TIFF file is structured.  With a JPEG
image, this command removes IFD0 (the main Image File Directory) as well as any
subdirectories, thus removing all EXIF information.  But with the TIFF format,
the main image itself is stored in IFD0, so deleting this directory would
destroy the image.  The same is true for any TIFF-based RAW file such as DNG,
CR2, NEF, etc.  For these types of files, ExifTool just deletes the ExifIFD
subdirectory, so any information stored in other directories is preserved (BUT
NOTE THAT WITH PROPRIETARY RAW FORMATS THIS MAY DELETE INFORMATION THAT IS
NECESSARY FOR PROPER RENDERING OF THE IMAGE).
</blockquote>

<blockquote>Use "<code>exiftool -a -G1 -s img.tif</code>" to see where the
information is stored.  Any tags remaining in other IFD's must be deleted
individually from a TIFF-format file if desired.  For convenience, a CommonIFD0
<a href="TagNames/Shortcuts.html">shortcut tag</a> is provided to simplify the
deletion of common metadata tags from IFD0 by adding "<code>-CommonIFD0=</code>"
to the command line.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q8"></a>
<p>8a. <b>"All maker note information is lost if I change the Make or Model tag"</b>, or
<br>8b. <b>"I can't copy maker note information to an image"</b>, or
<br>8c. <b>"I can't view a RAW image after changing the model tag"</b></p>

<blockquote>
The Make and Model tags are used by some image utilities (including ExifTool) to
determine the format of the maker note information.  Deleting or changing either
of these tags may prevent these utilities from recognizing or properly
interpreting the maker notes (which, for a RAW image, may mean that the image
can no longer be properly rendered).  Also beware that the maker notes
information may be damaged if an image is edited when the maker notes are not
properly recognized. So it is a good idea not to edit the Make and Model tags in
the first place.</blockquote>

<blockquote>If you really want to delete the Make and Model information, you
might as well delete the maker notes too.  You can do this with either of the
following commands:
<pre>exiftool -make= -model= -makernotes:all= image.jpg
exiftool -make= -model= -makernotes= image.jpg
</pre>
For the same reason, maker notes can not be copied to an image with an
incompatible Make or Model.  To do this, the Make and Model tags must also be
copied.  eg)
<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -makernotes -make -model dst.jpg
</pre>
(Note that in this case the "<code>-makernotes:all</code>" syntax does not work
because it attempts to copy the maker note tags individually.  Since maker note
tags may not be created individually, they must instead be copied as a block
with "<code>-makernotes</code>".)
</blockquote>

<a name="Q9"></a>
<p>9a. <b>"The information is different when I copy all tags to a new file"</b>, or
<br>9b. <b>"The tag locations change when I use <code>-tagsfromfile</code>
to copy information"</b></p>

<blockquote>
This feature is explained under the <code>-tagsFromFile</code> option in
the <a href="exiftool_pod.html">exiftool application documentation</a>, but the
question is common enough that it is discussed here in more detail.</blockquote>

<blockquote>By default, ExifTool will store information in preferred locations
when either writing new information or copying information between files. This
freedom allows ExifTool to write or copy information to files of different
formats without requiring the user to know details about where the information
is stored.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The preferred general locations for information written to JPEG
images are 1) EXIF, 2) IPTC and 3) XMP.  As an example, information extracted
from the maker notes will be preferentially written (on a tag-by-tag basis) in
EXIF format when copying information between two JPEG images.  But if a specific
tag doesn't exist in EXIF, then the tag is written to the first valid group in
the order specified above.  The advantage of "translating" the information to
EXIF is that it then becomes readable by applications which only support
standard EXIF.  The disadvantage is that you don't get an exact copy of the
original information structure.</blockquote>

<blockquote>But ExifTool gives you the ability to customize this behaviour to
write the information to wherever you want.  This is done by specifying a group
name for the tag(s) to be copied.  This applies even if the group name is
"<code>all</code>", in which case the original family 1 group is preserved. So
to copy all information and preserve the original structure, use this syntax:

<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
</pre>

In this command, since no destination tag was specified, the destination is the
same as the source (ie. "<code>-all:all>all:all</code>"), so the information is
copied to the same family 1 group.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Here are some examples to show you the type of control you have over
where the information is written. All commands in each example are equivalent:

<pre><span class='blk'># copy all tags to preferred groups (no destination group)</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -all dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all&gt;all" dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all:all&gt;all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy all tags, preserving family 1 group (destination group 'all')</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all&gt;all:all" dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all:all&gt;all:all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy all tags to EXIF group (destination group 'exif')
# [the destination family 1 group is the preferred EXIF IFD]</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all&gt;exif:all" dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-all:all&gt;exif:all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy XMP tags to XMP group (destination group 'xmp')
# [the destination family 1 group is the preferred XMP namespace]</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-xmp:all" dst.jpg
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-xmp:all&gt;xmp:all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy XMP tags, preserving family 1 group (destination group 'all')</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-xmp:all&gt;all:all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy XMP tags to preferred groups (no destination group)</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-xmp:all&gt;all" dst.jpg

<span class='blk'># copy XMP tags to EXIF only (destination group 'exif')
# [the destination family 1 group is the preferred EXIF IFD]</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg "-xmp:all&gt;exif:all" dst.jpg
</pre>

The same rules illustrated above also apply when copying individual tags.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Note: If no destination group is specified, a new tag is created if
necessary only in the preferred group, but if the same tag already exists in
another group, then this information is also updated.  (Otherwise inconsistent
values for the same information would exist in different locations. Of course,
you can always generate inconsistencies like this if you really want to by
specifically writing contradictory information to different groups.)
</blockquote>

<blockquote>Certain types of meta information (such as EXIF, IPTC, XMP and
ICC_Profile) may also be <b>copied as a block</b>. This technique copies all
meta information, even if ExifTool doesn't have the ability to write some
individual tags contained in the block. For all block types except EXIF, the
metadata is copied byte-for-byte from the original image.  With EXIF however,
the metadata may be restructured to ensure that it is self-contained.  Also note
that EXIF may not be written as a block to TIFF-based file formats.  Beware that
<b>any existing metadata</b> of this type in the destination file <b>will be
overwritten</b> by the new block.

<pre><span class='blk'># copy EXIF as a block between same-named JPG files in different directories</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile SRCDIR/%f.%e -exif -ext jpg DSTDIR

<span class='blk'># copy XMP as a block from one file to another</span>
exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -xmp dst.cr2
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q10"></a>
<p>10. <b>"How does ExifTool handle coded character sets?"</b></p>

<!-- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv -->
<!-- NOTE: CHANGES TO FAQ 10 MUST ALSO BE REFLECTED IN ExifTool.pod! -->

<blockquote><i>[Also see <a href="#Q18">FAQ number 18</a> for help with
special characters in a Windows console.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>Certain meta information formats allow coded character sets other
than plain ASCII.  When reading, most known encodings are converted to the
external character set according to the exiftool "<code>-charset CHARSET</code>"
or <code>-L</code> option, or to UTF&#8209;8 by default.  When writing, the
inverse conversion is performed.  Alternatively, special characters may be
converted to/from HTML character entities with the <code>-E</code> option.
</blockquote>

<blockquote>A distinction is made between the <b>external</b> character set
visible to the ExifTool user, and the <b>internal</b> character used to store
text in the metadata of a file.  These character sets may be specified
separately as follows:
<ol><li>The <b>external</b> character set for <b>tag values</b> passed to/from
ExifTool is UTF&#8209;8 by default, but it may be changed through any of these
command-line options:
<blockquote><code>-charset CHARSET</code> &nbsp; or &nbsp;
<code>-charset exiftool=CHARSET</code> &nbsp; or &nbsp; <code>-L</code>
</blockquote>
The encoding of <b>file and directory names</b> (eg. the <i>FILE</i> argument on
the command line) is different.  By default, these names are passed straight
through to the standard C I/O routines without recoding.  On Mac/Linux these
routines expect UTF&#8209;8, but on Windows they use the system code page (which
is dependent on your system settings).  However, as of ExifTool 9.79, the
external filename encoding may be specified:
<blockquote><code>-charset filename=CHARSET</code></blockquote>
When this is done, file and directory names are converted from the specified
encoding to one appropriate for system I/O routines.  In Windows, this also has
the effect of enabling Unicode filename support via the special Windows
wide-character I/O routines if the required Perl modules are available
(these are included in the Windows executable version of ExifTool).  See
<a href="exiftool_pod.html#WINDOWS-UNICODE-FILE-NAMES">WINDOWS UNICODE FILE NAMES</a>
in the application documentation for more details.<br><br></li>
<li>The <b>internal</b> character set for strings stored in file metadata may be
specified for some metadata types:
<blockquote><code>-charset TYPE=CHARSET</code></blockquote>
(where <code>TYPE</code> is "<code>exif</code>", "<code>iptc</code>",
"<code>id3</code>", "<code>photoshop</code>", "<code>quicktime</code>" or
"<code>riff</code>")</li></ol>

Valid <code>CHARSET</code> values are (with aliases given in brackets, case is
not significant):

<blockquote><table class=clear>
<tr><td>UTF8</td><td>(cp65001, UTF&#8209;8)</td><td>DOSLatinUS</td><td>(cp437)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Latin</td><td>(cp1252, Latin1)</td><td>DOSLatin1</td><td>(cp850)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Latin2</td><td>(cp1250)</td><td>DOSCyrillic</td><td>(cp866)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cyrillic</td><td>(cp1251,&nbsp;Russian)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td>MacRoman</td><td>(cp10000, Mac, Roman)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Greek</td><td>(cp1253)</td><td>MacLatin2</td><td>(cp10029)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Turkish</td><td>(cp1254)</td><td>MacCyrillic</td><td>(cp10007)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Hebrew</td><td>(cp1255)</td><td>MacGreek</td><td>(cp10006)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Arabic</td><td>(cp1256)</td><td>MacTurkish</td><td>(cp10081)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Baltic</td><td>(cp1257)</td><td>MacRomanian</td><td>(cp10010)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Vietnam</td><td>(cp1258)</td><td>MacIceland</td><td>(cp10079)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Thai</td><td>(cp874)</td><td>MacCroatian</td><td>(cp10082)</td></tr>
</table></blockquote>

The <code>-L</code> option is equivalent to "<code>-charset Latin</code>",
"<code>-charset Latin1</code>" and "<code>-charset cp1252</code>".</blockquote>

<blockquote>Type-specific details are given below about the special character
handling for EXIF, IPTC, XMP, PNG, ID3, PDF, Photoshop, QuickTime, AIFF, RIFF,
MIE and Vorbis information:</blockquote>

<!-- NOTE: CHANGES TO FAQ 10 MUST ALSO BE REFLECTED IN ExifTool.pod! -->

<blockquote><a name="exif"><b>EXIF</b></a>: Most textual information in EXIF is
stored in ASCII format (called "string" in the
<a href="TagNames/EXIF.html">EXIF Tags documentation</a>).  By default ExifTool
does not convert these strings. However, it is not uncommon for applications to
write UTF&#8209;8 or other encodings where ASCII is expected. To deal with
these, ExifTool allows the internal EXIF string encoding to be specified with
"<code>-charset exif=CHARSET</code>", which causes EXIF string values to be
converted from the specified character set when reading, and stored with this
character set when writing.  The
<a href="http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/">MWG</a> recommends using
UTF&#8209;8 encoding for EXIF strings, and in keeping with this the
"<code>-use mwg</code>" feature sets the default internal EXIF string encoding
to UTF&#8209;8 (ie. "<code>-charset exif=utf8</code>"), but note that this will
have no effect unless the external encoding is also set to something other than
the default of UTF&#8209;8.</blockquote>

<blockquote>A few EXIF tags (UserComment, GPSProcessingMethod and
GPSAreaInformation) support a designated internal text encoding, with values
stored as ASCII, Unicode (UCS&#8209;2) or JIS.  When reading these tags, ExifTool
converts Unicode and JIS to the external character set specified by the
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option, or to UTF&#8209;8 by default. 
ASCII text is not converted.  When writing, text is stored as ASCII unless the
string contains special characters, in which case it is converted from the
external character set (UTF&#8209;8 by default), and stored as Unicode. ExifTool
writes Unicode in native EXIF byte ordering by default, but the byte order may
be specified by setting the ExifUnicodeByteOrder tag (see the
<a href="TagNames/Extra.html">Extra Tags documentation</a>).</blockquote>

<blockquote>The EXIF "XP" tags (XPTitle, XPComment, etc) are always stored
internally as little-endian Unicode (UCS&#8209;2), and are read and written
using the specified external character set.</blockquote>

<!-- NOTE: CHANGES TO FAQ 10 MUST ALSO BE REFLECTED IN ExifTool.pod! -->

<blockquote><a name="iptc"><b>IPTC</b></a><span class='sm'><sup>&dagger;</sup></span>:
The value of the IPTC:CodedCharacterSet tag determines how the internal IPTC
string values are interpreted.  If CodedCharacterSet exists and has a value of
"<code>UTF8</code>" (or "<code>ESC&nbsp;%&nbsp;G</code>") then string values are
assumed to be stored as UTF&#8209;8.  Otherwise the internal IPTC encoding is
assumed to be Windows Latin1 (cp1252), but this can be changed with
"<code>-charset iptc=CHARSET</code>". When reading, these strings are converted
to UTF&#8209;8 by default, or to the external character set specified by the
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option.  When writing, the inverse
conversions are performed. No conversion is done if the internal (IPTC) and
external (ExifTool) character sets are the same.  Note that ISO 2022 character
set shifting is not supported. Instead, a warning is issued and the string is
not converted if an ISO 2022 shift code is encountered.  See the
<a href="http://www.iptc.org/std/IIM/4.1/specification/IIMV4.1.pdf">IPTC IIM
specification</a> for more information about IPTC character coding.</blockquote>

<blockquote>ExifTool may be used to convert IPTC values to a different internal
encoding.  To do this, all IPTC tags must be rewritten along with the desired
value of CodedCharacterSet.  For example, the following command changes the
internal IPTC encoding to UTF&#8209;8 (from Windows Latin1 unless
CodedCharacterSet was already "UTF8"):
<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset=utf8 a.jpg
</pre>or from Windows Latin2 (cp1250) to UTF&#8209;8:
<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset=utf8 -charset iptc=latin2 a.jpg
</pre>and this command changes it back from UTF&#8209;8 to Windows Latin1 (cp1252):
<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset= a.jpg
</pre>or to Windows Latin2:
<pre>exiftool -tagsfromfile @ -iptc:all -codedcharacterset= -charset iptc=latin2 a.jpg
</pre>Note that unless CodedCharacterSet is UTF&#8209;8, applications have no
reliable way to determine the IPTC character encoding.  For this reason, it is
recommended that CodedCharacterSet be set to "<code>UTF8</code>" when creating
new IPTC.</blockquote>

<blockquote class='sm'><sup>&dagger;</sup> <span class=lt>Refers to the older
<a href="http://www.iptc.org/site/News_Exchange_Formats/IIM/">IPTC IIM</a> format.
The more recent
<a href="https://iptc.org/standards/photo-metadata/iptc-standard/">IPTC
Photo Metadata Standard</a> actually uses the XMP format (see below).</span>
</blockquote>

<!-- NOTE: CHANGES TO FAQ 10 MUST ALSO BE REFLECTED IN ExifTool.pod! -->

<blockquote><a name="xmp"><b>XMP</b></a>: Exiftool reads XMP encoded as
UTF&#8209;8, UTF&#8209;16 or UTF&#8209;32, and converts them all to UTF&#8209;8
internally.  Also, all XML character entity references and numeric character
references are converted. When writing, ExifTool always encodes XMP as
UTF&#8209;8, converting the following 5 characters to XML character references:
<code>&amp; &lt; &gt; &#39; &quot;</code>. By default no further conversion is
performed, however the <code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option may be
used to convert text to/from a specified external character set when
reading/writing.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="png"><b>PNG</b></a>:
<a href="TagNames/PNG.html#TextualData">PNG TextualData tags</a> are stored as
tEXt, zTXt and iTXt chunks in PNG images.  The tEXt and zTXt chunks use ISO
8859-1 encoding, while iTXt uses UTF&#8209;8.  When reading, ExifTool converts
all PNG textual data to the external character set specified by the
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option, or to UTF&#8209;8 by default. 
When writing, ExifTool generates a tEXt chunk (or zTXt with the <code>-z</code>
option) if the text doesn't contain special characters or if Latin encoding is
specified (<code>-L</code> or <code>-charset latin</code>); otherwise an iTXt
chunk is used and the text is converted from the specified external character
set and stored as UTF&#8209;8.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="com"><b>JPEG Comment</b></a>: The encoding for the JPEG
Comment (COM segment) is not specified, so ExifTool reads/writes this text
without conversion.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="id3"><b>ID3</b></a>: The ID3v1 specification officially
supports only ISO 8859&#8209;1 encoding (a subset of Windows Latin1), although
some applications may incorrectly use other character sets.  By default ExifTool
converts ID3v1 text from Latin to the external character set specified by the
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option, or to UTF&#8209;8 by default.
However, the internal ID3v1 charset may be specified with
"<code>-charset id3=CHARSET</code>".  The encoding for ID3v2 information is
stored in the file, so ExifTool converts ID3v2 text from this encoding to the
external character set specified by <code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code>, or
to UTF&#8209;8 by default. ExifTool does not currently write ID3
information.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="pdf"><b>PDF</b></a>: PDF text strings are stored in either
PDFDocEncoding (similar to Windows Latin1) or Unicode (UCS&#8209;2).  When
reading, ExifTool converts to the external character set specified by the
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option, or to UTF&#8209;8 by default. 
When writing, ExifTool encodes input text from the specified character set as
Unicode only if the string contains special characters, otherwise PDFDocEncoding
is used.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="photoshop"><b>Photoshop</b></a>: Some Photoshop resource
names are stored as Pascal strings with unknown encoding.  By default, ExifTool
assumes MacRoman encoding and converts this to UTF&#8209;8, but the internal and
external character sets may be specified with
"<code>-charset Photoshop=CHARSET</code>" and "<code>-charset CHARSET</code>"
respectively.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="quicktime"><b>QuickTime</b></a>: QuickTime text strings may
be stored in a variety of poorly documented formats, and ExifTool does its best
to decode these according to the <code>-charset</code> option setting.  For some
QuickTime strings where the internal encoding is not known, ExifTool assumes a
default encoding of MacRoman, but this may be changed with
"<code>-charset QuickTime=CHARSET</code>".</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="aiff"><b>AIFF</b></a>: AIFF strings are assumed to be
stored in MacRoman, and are converted according to the <code>-charset</code>
option when reading. </blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="riff"><b>RIFF</b></a>: The internal encoding of RIFF
strings (eg. in AVI and WAV files) is assumed to be Latin unless otherwise
specified by the RIFF CSET chunk or the "<code>-charset RIFF=CHARSET</code>"
option. </blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="mie"><b>MIE</b></a>: MIE strings are stored as either
UTF&#8209;8 or ISO 8859&#8209;1. When reading, UTF&#8209;8 strings are converted
according to the <code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> option, and ISO
8859&#8209;1 strings are never converted.  When writing, input strings are
converted from the specified character set to UTF&#8209;8.  The resulting
strings are stored as UTF&#8209;8 if they contain multi-byte UTF&#8209;8
character sequences, otherwise they are stored as ISO 8859&#8209;1.</blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="vorbis"><b>Vorbis</b></a>: Vorbis comments are stored as
UTF&#8209;8, and are converted to the character set specified by
<code>-charset</code> or <code>-L</code> when reading.</blockquote>

<blockquote class=prog>
<b>Programmers</b>: ExifTool returns all values as byte strings of encoded
characters. Perl wide characters are not used.  The encoding is UTF&#8209;8 by
default, but valid UTF&#8209;8 can not be guaranteed for all values, so the
caller must validate the encoding if necessary.  The encodings described above
are set by the various <a href="ExifTool.html#Charset">Charset options</a> of
the API.
<br><br><b>Note</b>: Some settings of the system PERL_UNICODE environment
variable may be incompatible with ExifTool's character handling.
</blockquote>

<!-- NOTE: CHANGES TO FAQ 10 MUST ALSO BE REFLECTED IN ExifTool.pod! -->
<!-- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -->

<a name="Q11"></a>
<p>11. <b>"My user-defined tags don't work"</b></p>

<blockquote>
For examples of how to add user-defined tags, see the
<a href="config.html">ExifTool_config</a> file in the ExifTool distribution.
It may be useful to activate this file as a test before trying to implement
your own config file.  To activate this file, copy it to your <b>HOME</b>
directory then rename it to "<code>.ExifTool_config</code>".
<blockquote class=lt><b>Note</b>: The config file must be renamed at the
command line because neither the Windows nor Mac GUI allow a file name to
begin with a "<code>.</code>".  To do this in Windows, run "cmd.exe" and type
the following (pressing <i>ENTER</i> at the end of each line):
<pre>cd %HOMEPATH%
rename ExifTool_config .ExifTool_config
</pre>
or on a Mac, open the "Terminal" application (from the /Applications/Utilities
folder) and type this command then press <i>RETURN</i>:
<pre>mv ExifTool_config .ExifTool_config
</pre></blockquote>

With the sample config file installed, you should be able to write the example
tags.  A command like this:
<pre>exiftool -v2 -NewXMPxmpTag=test <i>FILE</i></pre>
should print this as the first line of its output:
<pre>Writing XMP-xmp:NewXMPxmpTag
</pre>
If this doesn't work, the most common problem is that the
"<code>.ExifTool_config</code>" configuration file isn't getting loaded.  In
this case, there are a few things you can try:
<ol>
<li>Make sure the config file name is correct.  It must be
"<code>.ExifTool_config</code>" (note the leading "<code>.</code>", and the
capital "<code>T</code>").</li>
<li>Set either the <b>HOME</b> or the <b>EXIFTOOL_HOME</b> environment variable
to the name of the directory where you put your "<code>.ExifTool_config</code>"
file.</li>
<li>Put the config file in the same directory as the exiftool app.  (Also, be
sure the config filename starts with a dot!  See the note above for help
renaming the config file.)</li>
<li>If you can't get the config file to load automatically, you can try loading
it manually with the exiftool <code>-config <i>CFGFILE</i></code> option. (Note:
This must be the first option on the command line.)  This allows loading
of a config file with any name.</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>If necessary, you can verify that ExifTool is loading your config
file by adding the following line to your file:

<pre>print "LOADED!\n";
</pre>

If you see a "<code>LOADED!</code>" message when you run exiftool, but your new
tags still don't work, make sure you are using the proper tag name and that the
file you are writing can support this type of information.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Note that all tag names in the config file are <b>case
sensitive</b>.  Specifically, the case must be correct for tag names in
Composite tag Require/Desire entries.  Also note that XMP tag names are
generated automatically by capitalizing the tag ID unless the tag definition
contains a "Name" entry.</blockquote>

<blockquote class=prog><b>Programmers</b>: To specify the config file directory from within
a Perl script when using the ExifTool API, set the <b>EXIFTOOL_HOME</b>
environment variable before loading the ExifTool module:
<pre>BEGIN { $ENV{EXIFTOOL_HOME} = '/config_file_directory' }
use Image::ExifTool;
</pre>
Also see the <a href="ExifTool.html#Config">Configuration section of the
ExifTool API documentation</a> for techniques to use a config file with another
name, or to disable the config file feature.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q12"></a>
<p>12. <b>"How do I export information from exiftool to a database?"</b></p>

<blockquote><i>[See <a href="#Q26">FAQ number 26</a> for help with the reverse
-- importing metadata from a database.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>
It is often easiest to export information formatted as  a tab-delimited or
comma-separated list of values using the exiftool <code>-T</code> or
<code>-csv</code> option.  As well, the <code>-r</code> option is useful for
recursing through all images in a hierarchy of directories.  For example:

<pre>exiftool -T -r -filename -exposuremode -ISO t/images &gt; out.txt
</pre>

This command recursively processes all images in the "<code>t/images</code>"
directory, extracting FileName, ExposureMode and ISO tags, and writing the
output to a tab-delimited text file called "<code>out.txt</code>". After the
command has executed, "<code>out.txt</code>" will look something like this:

<pre>Canon.jpg       Manual  100
Casio.jpg       -       64
Nikon.jpg       -       100
OlympusE1.jpg   Auto    400
</pre>

One limitation of the <code>-T</code> option is that a list of tags to extract
must be specified.  Otherwise, all information is extracted from each input
file, and the columns would contain values from random tags.</blockquote>

<blockquote> The <code>-csv</code> (comma separated values) option solves this
dilemma by pre-extracting information from all input files, then producing a
sorted list of available tag names as the first row of the output, and
organizing the information into columns for each tag.  As well, a first column
labelled "SourceFile" is generated.  These features make it practical to use the
<code>-csv</code> option for extracting all information from multiple images.
For example, this command:

<pre>exiftool -csv -r t/images > out.csv</pre>

gives an output like this:

<pre>SourceFile,AEBBracketValue,AELock,AFAreaHeight,AFAreaMode,AFAreas,[...]
t/images/Canon.jpg,0,,151,,,[...]
t/images/Casio.jpg,,,,,,[...]
t/images/Nikon.jpg,,,,Single Area,,[...]
t/images/OlympusE1.jpg,,Off,,,"Center (121,121)-(133,133)",[...]
</pre>

Note that the number of columns in the <code>-csv</code> output may be very
large if all information is extracted.  Missing tags are indicated by empty
strings as in the example above, or by dashes if the <code>-f</code> option is
used.</blockquote>

<blockquote> It should be possible to import these files directly into most
database applications.  On the command line, any list of tag names may be used,
and any number of file or directory names may be specified. (Hint: If your
command line starts to get too long, you may want to look into using the
<code>-@</code> option and/or the <a href="index.html#shortcut">ShortCut</a>
feature).</blockquote>

<blockquote>In Windows, a .BAT file containing the exiftool command may be used
to give drag and drop functionality.  Dropping a folder on the following .BAT
file will create "out.txt" in the folder:

<pre>echo "FileName&lt;tab&gt;Aperture&lt;tab&gt;ISO" &gt; %1\out.txt
exiftool -T -r -filename -aperture -ISO %1 &gt;&gt; %1\out.txt
</pre>

The "<code>echo</code>" command was included to add column headings to the
output.  (The tab character in the echo command, indicated by
"<code>&lt;tab&gt;</code>", may be generated in Mac/Linux shells with CTRL-v
then TAB, or in a Windows cmd shell with TAB when cmd.exe is run with the
<code>/f:off</code> option to disable tab completion.)
</blockquote>

<blockquote>Other possible export formats include RDF/XML (with the the
<code>-X</code> option), or JSON (with the <code>-j</code> option).  These
methods allow transfer of more complex data sets (including structured
information with the <code>-struct</code> option), but require that the
importing software supports these formats.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Finally, the <code>-p</code> option may be used to generate any
arbitrary output format.  For example, the following format file
(let's call it "<code>my.fmt</code>") may be used to emulate a CSV-formatted
output:

<pre>#[HEAD]FileName,Aperture,ISO
$filename,$aperture,$iso
</pre>

with a command like this:

<pre>exiftool -f -r -p my.fmt t/images &gt; out.csv
</pre>

But note that any values containing commas, quotes or some other special
characters may mess up the CSV formatting.  If this is a possibility, the
<code>-api filter</code> option may be added to the command to quote values
if necessary.  For example:

<pre><span class='blk'># in Windows</span>
exiftool -api filter="$_ = qq{""$_""} if s/""/""""/g or /(^\s+|\s+$)/ or /[,\n\r]/" ...

<span class='blk'># in Mac/Linux</span>
exiftool -api filter='$_ = qq{"$_"} if s/"/""/g or /(^\s+|\s+$)/ or /[,\n\r]/' ...</pre>

The <code>-p</code> option argument may also be a format string instead of a
file name.  The following command has the same effect as above except that the
row of headings is not printed (Note: Use single quotes as below on Mac/Linux,
or double quotes instead on Windows):

<pre>exiftool -f -r -p '$filename,$aperture,$iso' t/images &gt; out.csv
</pre>

With the <code>-f</code> option, the value of any missing tag is printed as a
dash (or the value of the
<a href="ExifTool.html#MissingTagValue">API MissingTagValue option</a>, if set).
Without this option, missing tags generate a minor warning and the line in the
<code>-p</code> output is not printed.  The <code>-m</code> option may be used
to ignore minor warnings, which causes these lines to be printed with an empty
value for missing tags.</blockquote>

<blockquote>
See the <code>-p</code> option in the <a href="exiftool_pod.html">application
documentation</a> for more information about this feature.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q13"></a>
<p>13a. <b>"Why is my file smaller after I use ExifTool to write information?"</b>, or
<br>13b. <b>"Why do some Offset tags change value when I write other tags?"</b>, or
<br>13c. <b>"How does editing a file with ExifTool affect image quality?"</b></p>

<blockquote>
There are various specific reasons why this can happen, but the general answer
is:  When ExifTool writes an image, the meta information may be restructured in
such a way that it takes less space than in the original file, or so that some
tags are stored at different offsets in the file.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The EXIF/TIFF standard allows for blocks of unreferenced data to
exist in an image.  Some digital cameras write JPEG or TIFF-based RAW files
which contain large blocks of unused data, usually filled with binary zeros. 
The reason for this could be to simplify camera algorithms by allowing
variable-sized information to be written at fixed offsets in the output image. 
When ExifTool rewrites an image it does not copy these unused blocks.  This can
result in a significant reduction in file size for some images.  <i>[The
<code>-htmlDump</code> option may be used to view the file structure if you are
interested in seeing these unused data blocks -- use a command like
"<code>exiftool -htmlDump a.jpg &gt; out.html</code>", then open
<code>out.html</code> in your web browser.  Unused data blocks are
<span class=U>brown</span> in this output.]</i> </blockquote>

<blockquote>Also, the size of an XMP record may easily shrink or grow when it is
rewritten, even if no meta information is changed.  This is partly due to the
fact that the XMP specification recommends a few KB of padding at the end of the
record (ExifTool adds 2424 bytes by default, but this padding is omitted if the
<code>-z</code> command-line option or the
<a href="ExifTool.html#Compact">API Compact</a> NoPadding setting is used), and
partly due to the flexibility of the XMP format which allows the information to
be written in various styles, some of which are more compact than others (the
<code>-z</code> option and the <a href="ExifTool.html#Compact">API Compact</a>
settings also cause a more compact form to be written).</blockquote>

<blockquote>You may also notice that the values of some "offset" tags (like
ThumbnailOffset and PreviewImageStart) may change when the file is rewritten. 
This is normal, and simply indicates that the associated data is now stored at a
different position within the file.</blockquote>

<blockquote>ExifTool does not modify the image data itself, so <b>editing a file
with ExifTool is "lossless" as far as the image is concerned</b>.</blockquote>

<a name="Q14"></a>
<p>14a. <b>"What format do I use for writing GPS coordinates?"</b>, or<br>
14b. <b>"How do I change the format of extracted GPS coordinates?"</b></p>

<blockquote>ExifTool is very flexible in the formats allowed for entering GPS
coordinates.  Any string containing between 1 and 3 floating point numbers is
valid.  The numbers represent degrees, (and optionally) minutes and
seconds with any number of decimal places.</blockquote>

<blockquote>For EXIF GPS coordinates, the reference direction is specified
separately with the EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef or EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef tag.
GPSLatitudeRef may be written with a string containing "<code>N</code>",
"<code>North</code>", "<code>S</code>" or "<code>South</code>", or with a signed
coordinate value (positive for the northern hemisphere or negative for the
south).  GPSLongitudeRef accepts similar values, but for E/East (positive) and
W/West (negative).</blockquote>

<blockquote>For XMP GPS coordinates, the reference direction is specified within
the XMP:GPSLatitude or XMP:GPSLongitude value, with west longitudes and south
latitudes being specified either by negative coordinate values or by ending the
string with "<code>W</code>" or "<code>S</code>". </blockquote>

<blockquote>Here are some examples of equivalent ways to specify a GPS
latitude in both EXIF and XMP:

<pre>exiftool -exif:gpslatitude="42 30 0.00" -exif:gpslatituderef=S a.jpg
exiftool -exif:gpslatitude="42 deg 30.00 min" -exif:gpslatituderef=S a.jpg
exiftool -exif:gpslatitude=42.5 -exif:gpslatituderef=S a.jpg

exiftool -xmp:gpslatitude="42 30 0.00 S" a.jpg
exiftool -xmp:gpslatitude=42.50S a.jpg
exiftool -xmp:gpslatitude=-42.5 a.jpg
</pre>

Similar styles may be used for longitude.  ExifTool will convert any of these
coordinate styles to the proper format for the specific tag used.
</blockquote>

<blockquote>ExifTool 12.22 and later allow combined lat/lon GPSCoordinates
values to be written to GPSLatitude and GPSLongitude, and the appropriate
latitude or longitude part will be pulled from the input string.</blockquote>

<blockquote>When reading, by default ExifTool reports coordinates in the format
<pre>DDD deg MM' SS.SS"</pre>
where <code>DDD</code> is degrees, <code>MM</code> is minutes, and <code>SS.SS</code>
is seconds.  The <code>-n</code> option may be used to change this to decimal
degrees, or any arbitrary format may be specified with the <code>-c</code>
command-line option (see the <a href="exiftool_pod.html">application documentation</a>),
or the <a href="ExifTool.html#CoordFormat">API CoordFormat option</a>.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q15"></a>
<p>15. <b>"I get MakerNote warnings or errors when reading or writing information"</b></p>

<blockquote>Problems like this may be caused by image editing software which
doesn't properly update offsets in the MakerNotes when rewriting an image. These
offsets are used as pointers to reference tag values and structures within the
metadata, and errors like this may lead to missing or incorrect values for some
MakerNotes tags.  In many cases, ExifTool will detect this type of problem and
issue a warning like this when reading (or an error when writing):

<pre>Warning: [minor] Possibly incorrect maker notes offsets (fix by -340?)
</pre>

<i class=lt>[Be aware that if multiple warnings occur, the <code>-a</code>
option must be used to see them all, since by default only one warning is
displayed per file.]</i> </blockquote>

<blockquote>This is a particularly insidious problem that is sometimes difficult
for ExifTool to correct automagically, so it requires some operator
intervention.  If this warning occurs, you have a few alternatives:</blockquote>

<blockquote>1) Use the <code>-F</code> option to allow ExifTool to attempt to
fix the incorrect offsets.  If ExifTool was correct in its diagnosis, then this
option will fix the incorrect offsets.  This is usually the appropriate choice
if this problem was caused by editing the image with other
software.</blockquote>

<blockquote>2) Use the <code>-m</code> option to ignore the warning (or downgrade
the error to a warning when writing).  This causes ExifTool to honour the
existing maker note offsets, and may be the correct choice if images straight
out of the camera have this problem.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Often, the first choice (<code>-F</code>) is the right thing to do,
but this depends on many factors, so it is best to try both methods then compare
the resulting maker note information to see which works best for your
situation.</blockquote>

<blockquote>When writing, <code>-F</code> applies a permanent correction to the
maker notes.  Note that <u>some MakerNote information may be lost permanently
if the proper correction is not applied when writing images with this
problem</u>.</blockquote>

<blockquote>3) The third alternative is to adjust the maker note offsets by a
specific amount.  This is done by appending an integer to the <code>-F</code>
option. For example, with the warning above (where ExifTool suggests "fix by
-340?"), <code>-F</code> would be equivalent to <code>-F-340</code>.  See the
<a href="exiftool_pod.html#F-OFFSET--fixBase">-F option documentation</a> for
more details.  This advanced feature may require some technical knowledge about
the structure of EXIF information (and here, ExifTool's <code>-htmlDump</code>
feature may be very useful for visualizing this structure).</blockquote>

<blockquote>Other types of MakerNote errors may also prevent the file from
being written.  However, most MakerNote errors are designated as <b>minor</b>,
which allows them to be ignored by using the <code>-m</code> option.  For
example:

<pre>Error: [minor] Bad format (65535) for MakerNotes entry 17
</pre>

Using <code>-m</code> will downgrade the minor error to a warning, allowing the
file to be written, but <u>some MakerNote information may be lost when ignoring
errors like this</u>.</blockquote>

<blockquote>You may also get one of these warnings when reading or writing a
file containing unknown maker notes:

<pre>Warning: [minor] Unrecognized MakerNotes
Warning: [minor] Maker notes could not be parsed</pre>

These warnings indicate that ExifTool didn't recognize the maker notes in a
file, so it couldn't extract any information from them when reading, or had to
copy the maker notes as a block when writing.  If the maker notes contain
absolute offsets then this could result in corrupted makernote information when
writing, but this is very unlikely.</blockquote>

<a name="Q16"></a>
<p>16. <b>"Why doesn't ExifTool rename my AVI files?"</b></p>

<blockquote>By default, ExifTool only processes <u>writable file
types</u><span class='sm'><sup>&dagger;</sup></span> when <u>any
tag</u><span class='sm'><sup>&Dagger;</sup></span> is being written and a
directory name is specified on the command line.  To force exiftool to process
other files, they must either be listed on the command line by name, or be
specified using the <code>-ext</code> or <code>-ext+</code> option, something
like this:

<pre><span class=blk># process AVI files in addition to other writable file types</span>
exiftool -ext+ AVI -d pics/%Y/%m "-directory&lt;dateTimeOriginal" DIR

<span class=blk># process only AVI and JPG files</span>
exiftool -ext AVI -ext JPG -d pics/%Y/%m "-directory&lt;dateTimeOriginal" DIR
</pre>

When <code>-ext</code> is used, only files with the specified extension(s) are
processed, however <code>-ext+</code> may be used to add to the list of normally
processed files (as in the first example above).  Multiple <code>-ext</code> or
<code>-ext+</code> options may be used in the same command (as in the second
example above) to process any number of different file types, or
<code>-ext "*"</code> may be used to process files with any extension (or none at all).
</blockquote>

<blockquote class='sm'><sup>&dagger;</sup> <span class=lt>The
<code>-listwf</code> option may be used to list the extensions of all writable
file types, or see <a href="index.html#supported">here</a> for a table of
supported file types.</span>
<br><sup>&Dagger;</sup> <span class=lt>This includes "pseudo" tags like
FileName, Directory, FileModifyDate and FileCreateDate.</span></blockquote>

<a name="Q17"></a>
<p>17. <b>"List-type tags do not behave as expected"</b></p>

<blockquote>Tags indicated by a plus sign (<code>+</code>) in the
<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> are list-type tags.
Two examples of common list-type tags are
<a href="TagNames/IPTC.html#ApplicationRecord">IPTC:Keywords</a> and
<a href="TagNames/XMP.html#dc">XMP:Subject</a>.  These tags may contain multiple
items which are combined into a single string when reading.  (By default,
extracted list items are separated by a comma and a space, but the
<code>-sep</code> option may be used to change this.)  When writing, separate
items are assigned individually.  For example, the following command writes
three keywords to all writable files in directory <code>DIR</code>, replacing
any previously existing keywords:

<pre>exiftool -keywords=one -keywords=two -keywords=three DIR
</pre>

List items are assigned separately as above, NOT all together, because this
would represent a single keyword:

<pre>exiftool -keywords="one, two, three" test.jpg  <i class=blk>(WRONG!)</i>
</pre>

The <code>-sep</code> option may be used to split values of list-type tags into
separate items when writing.  For example,

<pre>exiftool -sep ", " -keywords="one, two, three" DIR
</pre>

will store three separate keywords, the same as the first example above. This
feature may also be used to split a tag value into separate items if it was
originally stored incorrectly as a single string:

<pre>exiftool -sep ", " -tagsfromfile @ -keywords test.jpg
</pre>

However, sometimes it is desirable to have list items which contain a comma, and
this is allowed:

<pre>exiftool -contributor="Harvey, Phil" -contributor="Marley, Bob" a.jpg
</pre>

But to distinguish these entries when extracting information, a different list
separator or a different output format must be used.  For instance, the
following command uses "<code>//</code>" to separate list items,

<pre>exiftool -contributor -sep "//" a.jpg
</pre>

and produces an output like this:

<pre class=blk>Contributor  : Harvey, Phil//Marley, Bob
</pre>

Alternatively, the <code>-j</code>, <code>-php</code> and <code>-X</code>
options use an output format which preserves the structure of a
list (if <code>-sep</code> is NOT used).</blockquote>

<blockquote>Note that the writing examples above overwrite any values which
already existed in the original file for these tags.  Instead, to add or delete
items from an existing list, use "<code>+=</code>" or "<code>-=</code>" in place
of "<code>=</code>".  For example:

<pre>exiftool -keywords+="add this" -keywords-="remove this" DIR
</pre>

With commands like this, new items are added to the list in place of the first
deleted item, or at the end of the list if no items were removed.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Note: Using "<code>=</code>" is equivalent to "<code>+=</code>" in
any command where the same List-type tag is set with "<code>+=</code>" or
"<code>-=</code>" in another assignment.  (ie. existing items will be preserved
unless specifically deleted with "<code>-=</code>".)  <i class=lt>[For non
List-type tags, "<code>+=</code>" has a different meaning, and is used to
increment numerical values or shift dates.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote><a name="nodups"></a><b>To prevent duplication when adding new
items</b>, specific items can be deleted then added back again in the same
command.  For example, the following command adds the keywords "one" and "two",
ensuring that they are not duplicated if they already existed in the keywords of
an image:

<pre>exiftool -keywords-=one -keywords+=one -keywords-=two -keywords+=two DIR
</pre>

When <b>copying list tags</b> using the <code>-tagsFromFile</code> feature,
items are copied individually to form proper lists if the tag is copied directly
(note that <code>-tagsFromFile @</code> is implied by the "<code>&lt;</code>"
operation in this and the following commands, causing tags to be copied from the
original file):

<pre>exiftool "-keywords&lt;subject" DIR</pre>

However, this is not the case if the tag is interpolated within a format string
(ie. has a leading "<code>$</code>" symbol), like this

<pre>exiftool "-keywords&lt;$subject" DIR  <i class=blk>(WRONG!)</i></pre>

but here the <code>-sep</code> option may be used to split the list back into
separate items:

<pre>exiftool "-keywords&lt;$subject" -sep "//" DIR</pre>

Note there is a complication when <b>copying multiple tags to a single list</b>
tag:  Here, any assignment to a tag overrides earlier assignments to the same
tag in the command.  For instance, this command:

<pre>exiftool "-keywords&lt;filename" "-keywords&lt;comment" DIR  <i class=blk>(WRONG!)</i>
</pre>

writes only the value from the Comment tag.  This may seem strange, but it prevents
duplicate items from being added to a list when copying a group of tags from a
file containing duplicate information.  Alternatively, the
<code>-addTagsFromFile</code> option may be used to accumulate items when
copying from multiple tags:

<pre>exiftool -addTagsFromFile @ "-keywords&lt;filename" "-keywords&lt;comment" DIR
</pre>

Note that as with "<code>=</code>" in the first three examples above, the
"<code>&lt;</code>" operation of this command overwrites any Keywords that
existed previously in the original file.  To add to or remove from the existing
keywords, use "<code>+&lt;</code>" or "<code>-&lt;</code>".
</blockquote>

<a name="Q18"></a>
<p>18a. <b>"Special characters don't display properly in my Windows console"</b>, or
<br>18b. <b>"I'm having problems with special characters on the Windows command line"</b></p>

<blockquote>The Windows cmd.exe console uses an MS-DOS encoding by default
(cp437 or something similar, depending on your region).  The exiftool
<code>-charset</code> option may be used to encode the exiftool output for a
specific Windows code page, which may help display some special characters, but
instead it may be better to switch the console to UTF&#8209;8 (the native
ExifTool character encoding). This is especially useful if you are using the
<code>-lang</code> option to translate exiftool output to another language.  To
change the the Windows console to UTF&#8209;8, follow these steps:

<ol><li>Run "cmd.exe" to open a Windows console (select "Run..." from the
Start menu and enter "cmd").</li>
<li>Change the font in the console Properties to any True Type font (eg. "TT
Lucida Console").</li>
<li>Type "<code>chcp 65001</code>" then press ENTER at the command prompt.</li>
</ol>

The console should now be able to display UTF&#8209;8 characters (cp65001).  But
note that the TT Lucida Console font shipped with Windows, at least my version,
may not be very complete, and doesn't seem to contain Japanese or Chinese
characters.</blockquote>

<blockquote>To permanently set the font, select "Save properties for future
windows" when changing the font Properties.  Also, you can automatically run
"<code>chcp 65001</code>" every time "cmd.exe" is launched by changing the
Windows Registry for the Command Processor: Run "regedit" and put "<code>chcp
65001</code>" into Data field for "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command
Processor\Autorun". (Unfortunately, I haven't been able to figure out how to
change the code page for exiftool when launched via the Windows GUI.  If anyone
can figure out how to do this, please let me know.)
</blockquote>

<blockquote>Note that Windows will <b>recode arguments on the command
line</b> from the current console code page to the system code page, so the
ExifTool <code>-charset</code> should be set to the system code page for
command-line arguments.  However, this technique may yield unexpected results
since not all characters may be represented using the system code page.  To get
around this limitation, arguments may be read from an ExifTool argument file
using the <code>-@</code> option.  UTF&#8209;8 encoding is recommended for the
argument file, and with this you would also set <code>-charset filename=utf8</code>
if using special characters in filename arguments within the file.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Another way to bypass the console/command-line encoding problems for
individual tag values is to extract/write to/from a separate text file and use a
UTF&#8209;8 aware text editor to view/edit the text.  For example:

<pre><span class=blk># extracting...</span>
exiftool image.jpg &gt; out.txt

<span class=blk># writing...</span>
exiftool "-subject&lt;=subject.txt" image.jpg</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q19"></a>
<p>19. <b>"How do I change the format of an extracted tag value?"</b></p>

<blockquote>The exiftool application has built-in options which allow you to
display numeric values (<code>-n</code>), escape special HTML characters
(<code>-E</code>), and change the date/time (<code>-d</code>) and GPS coordinate
(<code>-c</code>) formats, but sometimes more control is needed over the
formatting of a value...</blockquote>

<blockquote>The <code>-p</code> and <code>-tagsFromFile</code> options provide
an advanced translation feature that allows arbitrary Perl expressions to be
used to modify tag values.  The basic syntax is this:

<pre>${TAG;EXPR}</pre>

where <code>TAG</code> is the tag name, and <code>EXPR</code> is a Perl
expression acting on the default input variable (<code>$_</code>), which is
initially the original value of the tag.  For example, the following command
sets the FileName from Artist, translating spaces to underlines:

<pre>exiftool '-filename&lt;${artist;tr/ /_/}.%e' image.jpg</pre>

(Note: Use single quotes as above in Mac/Linux, or double quotes instead
in Windows.)</blockquote>

<blockquote>Another technique is to create a user-defined Composite tag to do
the reformatting. Here is a basic config file that reformats the Artist tag to
provide a new MyArtist tag with the same character translation as the example
above:

<pre>%Image::ExifTool::UserDefined = (
   'Image::ExifTool::Composite' => {
       MyArtist => {
           Require => 'Artist',
           ValueConv => '$val =~ tr/ /_/; $val',
       },
   },
);
1; # end
</pre>

With this config file, an Artist value of "Phil Harvey" yields a corresponding
MyArtist value of "Phil_Harvey".  The ValueConv string may be any valid Perl
expression, and is evaluated to obtain the value for the new tag.  In this
expression, <code>$val</code> represents the ValueConv value of the Require'd
tag. </blockquote>

<blockquote>To activate the config file, it must be named
"<code>.ExifTool_config</code>" and placed either in your home directory or in
the same directory as the exiftool application. Note that the file name begins
with a "<code>.</code>", so if you are in Windows or on a Mac you may need to
rename the file from the command line since the GUI might not like file names
beginning with a "<code>.</code>".  <i class=lt>[An alternative is to load the
config file with the <code>-config</code> option -- see the
<a href="exiftool_pod.html#config-CFGFILE">application documentation</a>
for details.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>User-defined Composite tags have many other features, including the
ability to combine the values of multiple tags.  See the
<a href="config.html">config file documentation</a> for more details about
user-defined tags, and lib/Image/ExifTool/README in the full distribution for a
complete description of ValueConv features.  Also, a
<a href="https://exiftool.org/forum/index.php?action=search2&amp;search=code+userdefined">quick
search of the ExifTool forum</a> should reveal a number of user-defined tag
examples, and there are other good (and often more complex) examples which can
be found in the %Image::ExifTool::Exif::Composite hash of the
lib/Image/ExifTool/Exif.pm source code.
</blockquote>

<a name="Q20"></a>
<p>20a. <b>"ExifTool won't write an image due to errors"</b>, or
<br>20b. <b>"How do I repair corrupted EXIF?"</b></p>

<blockquote>Minor errors may be ignored using the <code>-m</code> option
(<a href="#Q15">FAQ 15</a> discusses this with respect to MakerNote errors), but
sometimes there are more serious errors which can't be ignored.  ExifTool may be
used to fix metadata problems in JPEG images by deleting all metadata and
rebuilding it from scratch.  The command looks like this:

<pre>exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe -icc_profile bad.jpg
</pre>

where "<code>bad.jpg</code>" is the name of the image that requires fixing. This
command deletes all metadata then copies all writable tags that can be extracted
from the original image to the same locations in the updated image.  The
"<code>Unsafe</code>" tag is a <a href="TagNames/Shortcuts.html">shortcut</a>
for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images which are not normally copied.  JPEG images
may also contain an ICC color profile which should be preserved.  The
"<code>ICC_Profile</code>" tag is also marked as unsafe, but is not part of the
EXIF so it isn't covered by the "<code>Unsafe</code>" shortcut and must be
specified separately.</blockquote>

<blockquote>After repairing an image like this you should be able to write to it
without errors, but note that <u>some metadata from the original image may have
been lost in the process</u>.</blockquote>

<blockquote><b>Note</b>: ExifTool will not modify the JPEG image data, so if the
image itself is corrupted (eg. if you get a message saying "Not a valid JPEG"),
then ExifTool can not be used to repair the image.  Also, ExifTool may not
be used like this to repair TIFF-based files or RAW files -- the risk of image
corruption is too great because the image is stored in the same IFD as the
metadata in these files.</blockquote>

<blockquote>If there are also MakerNote problems in the file, you may want to
add the <code>-F</code> option to the command.  See <a href='#Q15'>FAQ 15</a>
for details.  For example, to rebuild the EXIF only and fix the MakerNote
offsets you could do this:

<pre>exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -exif:all -unsafe -thumbnailimage -F bad.jpg
</pre>

<b>Advanced</b>: The byte order of the newly created EXIF is set by the value of
the ExifByteOrder tag.  Since this tag does not belong to the EXIF group, it is
not copied with <code>-exif:all</code> above (but would be copied with
<code>-all:all</code> as in the first example).  If ExifByteOrder is not set
then the byte order is determined by the ordering of the MakerNotes if they are
copied, otherwise big-endian ("MM") byte order is used by default. 
ExifByteOrder may be set to a specific value to force a particular byte order
when creating new EXIF (eg. "<code>-ExifByteOrder=II</code>" for little-endian).
</blockquote>

<a name="Q21"></a>
<p>21. <b>"How do I read/write values containing newline characters?"</b></p>

<blockquote>When reading, by default exiftool converts all control characters to
"." to avoid messing up the output formatting, so newlines will appear as a "."
in the output.  The <code>-b</code> option may be used to bypass all output
formatting (except that a line-feed character is inserted between items in a
list), but this may not be appropriate when the values of many tags must be
extracted.  In this case, the formatted output (<code>-p</code>), JSON
(<code>-j</code>), XML (<code>-X</code>) and PHP (<code>-php</code>) options
provide alternative output formats which preserve newlines in values.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Alternatively, the <a href="ExifTool.html#Filter">API Filter option</a>
may be used to apply an arbitrary filter to all extracted values.  For example,
the following command changes newlines to "\n":

<pre>exiftool -api filter="s/\n/\\n/g" FILE</pre>

When writing, there are a number of options:

<ol type='a'>
<li>In many shells, a newline may be inserted directly in the command
line:
<p>Bourne shells (press <i>RETURN</i> inside a quoted string)</p>
<pre>exiftool -comment="line 1
line 2" image.jpg
</pre>
<p>(Also, in Bourne shells the character sequence <code>$'\n'</code>
may be used for a newline.)</p>
<p>C shells (press "<code>\</code>" then <i>RETURN</i> inside a quoted string)</p>
<pre>exiftool -comment="line 1\
line 2" image.jpg
</pre>
<i class=lt>[Unfortunately the Windows cmd shell provides no method to get a
newline (CR/LF in Windows) into the command line.  A linefeed (LF) may be
inserted with CTRL-T, but I have found no way to insert a carriage return
(CR).]</i><br><br>
</li>
<li>Use the <code>-ec</code> or <code>-E</code> option to allow C-style escape
sequences or HTML character entities (Note:
In Windows a newline is "<code>\r\n</code>" or "<code>&amp;#xd;&amp;#xa;</code>"
instead of just "<code>\n</code>" or "<code>&amp;#xa;</code>").  For example,
using C-style escape sequences:
<pre>exiftool -ec "-comment=line 1\nline 2" image.jpg</pre>
or using HTML character entities:
<pre>exiftool -E "-comment=line 1&amp;#xa;line 2" image.jpg</pre>
</li>
<li>Write the tag from the contents of a separate text file:
<pre>exiftool "-comment&lt;=file.txt" image.jpg
</pre></li>
<li>Use <code>$/</code> in a redirection expression: (Note: Single quotes
must be used in Mac/Linux shells around arguments containing a dollar sign,
but double quotes are used instead in Windows.  Also note that this technique
is slower since the implied <code>-tagsFromFile</code> adds an extra unnecessary
processing pass to read tags from the file, but most of this delay may be
avoided with the <code>-fast3</code> option.)
<pre>exiftool '-comment&lt;line 1$/line 2' image.jpg
</pre></li>
<li>Use the "<code>#[CSTR]</code>" feature to allow C-style escape sequences
for a specific line in a <code>-@</code> argfile.  For example, this command:
<pre>exiftool -@ test.args image.jpg</pre>
with this "test.args" file:
<pre>#[CSTR]-comment=line 1\nline 2</pre></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>

<a name="Q22"></a>
<p>22. <b>"In what order are command-line assignments applied when writing?"</b></p>

<blockquote>When writing, tag assignments on the command line are queued and
applied together as each target file is processed.  In general, assignments
later on the command line override earlier assignments (ie. they are evaluated
left-to-right), but there are exceptions:
<ol><li>When writing list-type tags (eg. <code>-keywords=one</code>), new values
are accumulated rather than overriding earlier assignments.<br>&nbsp;</li>
<li>When copying values to list-type tags (eg.
<code>"-keywords&lt;filename"</code>), new values are accumulated only if
<code>-addTagsFromFile</code> is used, otherwise they override earlier
assignments if <code>-tagsFromFile</code> is used or implied.<br>&nbsp;</li>
<li>Tags copied with the <code>-tagsFromFile</code> option are assigned in
order, and all together at the point in the command line where the
<code>-tagsFromFile</code> option is located, regardless of whether these tags
are specified immediately after the <code>-tagsFromFile</code> option or later
on the command line.  Remember that "<code>-tagsFromFile @</code>" is implied
unless another file is specified when redirecting information with arguments
like <code>"-DSTTAG&lt;SRCTAG"</code>.</li></ol> Note: When copying tag values,
adding to lists, or shifting date/time values, the source value is always the
original value found in the file, regardless of any previous assignments.  For
example, the following command sets Subject to the original value of Title in
the file (NOT to "test"):
<pre>exiftool -title=test "-subject&lt;title" a.jpg</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q23"></a>
<p>23a. <b>"Why do I get '<code>0 image files updated</code>' when writing?"</b>, or<br>
23b. <b>"ExifTool doesn't write some tags to a file"</b></p>

<blockquote>There are a few reasons why this may happen:

<ol><li>The value of the tag is not being set correctly.</li></ol>

This may be due to a tag value which can't be converted, in which case you
should warning like this (note: you may need to use the <code>-v3</code> option
to see the warning if other same-named tags are being set properly by the same
assignment):
<pre>Warning: Can't convert IFD0:Orientation (not in PrintConv)
</pre>
You get this warning if you write an invalid value to a tag which accepts only
specific values.  See the "Values" column in the appropriate table of the
<a href="TagNames/index.html">tag name documentation</a> for a list of valid
values for these types of tags.  The value conversion may also be bypassed with
the <code>-n</code> option, allowing numerical values to be written directly.
See <a href="#Q6">FAQ number 6</a> for more details.

<ol start="2"><li>The information type isn't supported by the format of the
target file.</li></ol>

Warnings are NOT generated when a tag isn't written because it is
normal that many tags can't be written when copying between files of different
formats.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Tags are not written if the format of the target file doesn't
support the specific type of meta information.  For example, CRW images do not
support EXIF or IPTC metadata.  See the
<a href="index.html#supported">Supported File Types</a> table for an indication
of the tags supported by your file.  If the tags aren't supported for your file
type, then a <a href='metafiles.html'>metadata sidecar file</a> is an
alternative.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Also note that MakerNotes tags can not be created or deleted
individually, so they can only be written if they already exist in a
file.  The entire MakerNotes must be created or deleted as a block (see
<a href="#Q8">FAQ number 8</a> for details).

<ol start="3"><li>A time value is being shifted but the specified tag doesn't
exist.</li></ol>

For example, <code>-datetimeoriginal+=1</code> will have no effect unless
the DateTimeOriginal tag exists in the image.</blockquote>

<a name="Q24"></a>
<p>24. <b>"When I write a file the date/time gets reset to today's date"</b></p>

<blockquote>You should be aware of the difference between date/time values
stored in the metadata of the file itself and date/time values stored in the
filesystem (ie. in the disk directory information).  A command like this may be
used to extract all date/time information with an indication of where it is
stored:

<pre>exiftool -time:all -a -G0:1 -s c:\images\test.jpg</pre>

and should give an output something like this:

<pre>[File:System]   FileModifyDate                  : 2009:10:05 20:40:36-04:00
[File:System]   FileAccessDate                  : 2009:10:07 09:22:12-04:00
[File:System]   FileCreateDate                  : 2009:10:05 20:40:36-04:00
[EXIF:IFD0]     ModifyDate                      : 2003:10:31 15:44:19
[EXIF:ExifIFD]  DateTimeOriginal                : 2003:10:31 15:44:19
[EXIF:ExifIFD]  CreateDate                      : 2003:10:31 15:44:19</pre>

The <code>-G0:1</code> option causes the family 0 and 1 group names to be
reported in square brackets for each tag.  Tags labelled "<b>File:System</b>"
are "<b>pseudo</b>" tags stored in the filesystem, while the others are real
tags stored in the metadata of the file.</blockquote>

<blockquote>ExifTool's <b>default behaviour is to set all filesystem times to
the current date/time when any "real" tag is written</b>, but the
<code>-P</code> option may be used to preserve the original FileModifyDate.
FileAccessDate represents the time the file was last accessed, and is set to the
current date/time whenever any software (including ExifTool) accesses the
file.</blockquote>

<blockquote>On systems where a filesystem creation date is maintained, ExifTool
also sets this to the current date/time when the file is edited.  On Windows the
creation date is readable/writable through the FileCreateDate tag (see the
<a href="TagNames/Extra.html">Extra Tags documentation</a>), and is preserved
with the <code>-P</code> option. On MacOS, FileCreateDate is available but
extracted only if specified explicitly, and is writable only if "setfile" is
available.  The <code>-P</code> option does not preserve the creation date when
editing a file on Mac systems, but the <code>-overwrite_original_in_place</code>
option may be used to preserve all Finder information including the creation
date, or the FileCreateDate may be copied back specifically (ie.
<code>-tagsfromfile @ -FileCreateDate</code>).  On Linux, the file creation date
is not stored.</blockquote>

<blockquote>For example, commands like this act on common metadata tags, setting
the filesystem modification date/time to the current date/time:

<pre><span class='blk'># common metadata date/time tags are incremented by 1 hour, while
# FileModifyDate is set to the current date/time</span>
exiftool -alldates+=1 c:\images</pre>

<i class=lt>[The AllDates tag is a shortcut which represents the 3 common
metadata date/time tags: DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and
ModifyDate.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>However, FileModifyDate may be preserved with the <code>-P</code>
option:

<pre><span class='blk'># FileModifyDate is not changed</span>
exiftool -alldates+=1 -P c:\images</pre>

ExifTool also allows FileModifyDate to be written, which provides full control
over the filesystem modification date/time when writing:

<pre><span class='blk'># FileModifyDate is incremented by 1 hour</span>
exiftool -alldates+=1 -filemodifydate+=1 c:\images

<span class='blk'># FileModifyDate is set from the value of DateTimeOriginal
# (before DateTimeOriginal is incremented by 1 hour)</span>
exiftool -alldates+=1 "-filemodifydate&lt;datetimeoriginal" c:\images
</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q25"></a>
<p>25. <b>"Can ExifTool be used as an image validator?"</b></p>

<blockquote>ExifTool is not designed as an image validator but it does have a
<code>-validate</code> feature which enables extra validation checks, mainly for
JPEG and TIFF-format images (officially released in version 10.97, May 2018,
but continually being improved). Here is an example command to apply these
validation checks to a JPEG image:

<pre>exiftool -validate -warning -error -a test.jpg</pre>

Note there are other packages specifically designed for file validation, for
example: <a href="https://github.com/openpreserve/jhove">JHOVE</a>.</blockquote>

<a name="Q26"></a>
<p>26. <b>"How do I import information from a database?"</b></p>

<blockquote><i>[See <a href="#Q12">FAQ number 12</a> for help with the reverse
-- exporting metadata to a database.]</i></blockquote>

<blockquote>ExifTool has the ability to import metadata from CSV and JSON format
database files for writing to output image files. For example, the following
commands use imported metadata to write to all image files in a directory.

<pre><span class='blk'># import from CSV file</span>
exiftool -csv="c:\Users\Phil\test.csv" "c:\Users\Phil\Images"

<span class='blk'># import from JSON file</span>
exiftool -json="c:\Users\Phil\test.json" "c:\Users\Phil\Images"</pre>

For the above commands, the input CSV or JSON file must have the same format as
the output from these commands:

<pre><span class='blk'># export to CSV file</span>
exiftool -csv "c:\Users\Phil\Images" > "c:\Users\Phil\test.csv"

<span class='blk'># export to JSON file</span>
exiftool -json "c:\Users\Phil\Images" > "c:\Users\Phil\test.json"</pre>

Specifically, the first row of the CSV file must contain the tag names.
The first column must be a special "SourceFile" column, containing the names of
the associated image files, with paths specified in the same way as on the
command line.  The JSON file contains similar entries, but is not structured in
row/column format.</blockquote>

<blockquote>For each image file specified on the command line, all tags for the
database entry with the corresponding SourceFile name are written (with the
exception of the FileName and Directory tags, which are ignored).  A special
SourceFile name of "*" may be used to match any image file.  A warning is issued
and nothing is written if a specified file does not match any SourceFile entry
in the database.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Tag names may be prefixed by a group name to write to a specific
group (using the same format as when <code>-G</code> or <code>-G1</code> is
added to the export command).  To delete a tag, set the tag value to "-" (or the
<a href="ExifTool.html#MissingTagValue">MissingTagValue</a> if this API option
was used) and use the <code>-f</code> option when importing.  Tags with an empty
value are ignored in a CSV import, or set to an empty string in a JSON import
(unless <code>-f</code> is used and the
<a href="ExifTool.html#MissingTagValue">API MissingTagValue option</a> is set to
an empty string, in which case the tag is deleted).</blockquote>

<blockquote>See the <code>-csv</code> or <code>-j</code> option in the
<a href="exiftool_pod.html#input_output_text_formatting">application documentation</a>
for more details.</blockquote>

<a name="Q27"></a>
<p>27. <b>"My ExifTool command doesn't work from a Windows .BAT file"</b></p>

<blockquote>In a Windows .BAT file the "<code>%</code>" character is
significant, so all "<code>%</code>" characters in ExifTool commands must be
changed to "<code>%%</code>".  For example, this command line:

<pre>exiftool "-FileName&lt;CreateDate" -d "%Y%m%d_%H%M%S.%%e" image.jpg</pre>

must be changed to this in a .BAT file:

<pre>exiftool "-FileName&lt;CreateDate" -d "%%Y%%m%%d_%%H%%M%%S.%%%%e" image.jpg</pre>
</blockquote>

<a name="Q28"></a>
<p>28. <b>"How do I copy a shifted date/time value?"</b></p>

<blockquote>The <code>-TAG+=</code> and <code>-TAG-=</code> arguments always act
on the <b>existing</b> tag value, so they can not be used to shift a <b>new</b>
tag value without running a second command.  For example, this is <b>wrong</b>
because the copy operation is superseded by the shift, and the result is that
the existing DateTimeOriginal is shifted back by two hours:

<pre>exiftool "-datetimeoriginal&lt;filemodifydate" -datetimeoriginal-=2 image.jpg  <i class=blk>(WRONG!)</i>
</pre>

The <code>-globalTimeShift</code> option fills this niche -- it shifts all
date/time tags by the specified amount when reading or copying, allowing a
shifted date/time value to be copied to another tag.  So this is the proper
technique for shifting a date/time value when copying:

<pre>exiftool "-datetimeoriginal&lt;filemodifydate" -globaltimeshift -2 image.jpg</pre>

An alternative is to use the ShiftTime function of the
<a href="exiftool_pod.html#Advanced-formatting-feature">advanced formatting feature</a>:

<pre>exiftool '-datetimeoriginal&lt;${filemodifydate;ShiftTime("-2")}' image.jpg</pre>

(Note: Swap the single and double quotes when running this command under Windows.)
</blockquote><blockquote class=prog>
<b>Programmers</b>: Here are the equivalent ExifTool API function calls:
<pre><span class='blk'># using the GlobalTimeShift option</span>
$exiftool->Options(GlobalTimeShift => '-2');
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($src, 'datetimeoriginal&lt;filemodifydate');

<span class='blk'># using ShiftTime in an advanced formatting expression</span>
$exifTool->SetNewValuesFromFile($src, 'datetimeoriginal&lt;${filemodifydate;ShiftTime("-2")}');</pre>
</blockquote>

<a name="Q29"></a>
<p>29. <b>"My options don't work in a <code>-@</code> ARGFILE"</b></p>

<blockquote>The ExifTool application has the ability to read options from an
ARGFILE using the <code>-@</code> option.  The parsing of these arguments is
different from the command line.  Arguments in this file are separated by
newline characters instead of spaces.  Also, arguments should not be quoted.
For example, on the command line you may have:

<pre>-d "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S"</pre>

but in an ARGFILE, this should be

<pre>-d
%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S</pre></blockquote>

<a name="Q30"></a>
<p>30. <b>"How do I extract absolutely all metadata from a file?"</b></p>

<blockquote>By default, duplicate tags, unknown tags, embedded tags, and System
tags that require external utilities are not extracted.  The main reason for
this is performance; extracting these tags will significantly increase
processing time for some files.  The following command extracts everything
possible with ExifTool:

<pre>exiftool -ee3 -U -G3:1 -api requestall=3 -api largefilesupport FILE</pre>

(The <code>-G3:1</code> option is included in the above command only to give an
indication of where the metadata was stored.)</blockquote>

<a name="Q31"></a>
<p>31. <b>"Why does ExifTool rewrite the entire file when I am only changing one small thing?"</b></p>

<blockquote>Generally it is possible in theory to edit existing fixed-length tags without having to rewrite an entire file, but ExifTool doesn't do this for 3 reasons:

<ol>
<li>The algorithm to do this would be completely different than the more general
and powerful case where you want to be able to add/delete tags and/or write
values with different lengths.  Plus, implementing this feature would be a lot
of work, and it would only be useful in certain situations.</li>
<li>Some file formats (like MP4) allow metadata to be written at the beginning
or the end of a file.  Writing it at the end of the file could avoid the need to
rewrite the entire starting section, but metadata is more useful at the start of
a file because then other programs (especially ones that stream the file over
the internet) don't have to read through the entire file to find the metadata.
Also, some software won't read metadata that comes at the end of a file
(probably for this reason).</li>
<li>ExifTool is designed to allow files to be read/written via pipes, which are
not seekable, so in-place editing is not possible with these files and again,
like 1, two completely different algorithms would be required.</li>
</ol></blockquote>

<hr>
<i>Last revised Jun 11, 2022</i>
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